Kufufuza kwatulutsa zofunikira pa kuwonongeka kwa nyengo

Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri akulimbana ndi zovuta zogwirizanitsa kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zovuta za nyengo zamitundu yatsopano kapena zolimba kwambiri. Koma lero, sayansi yakhala ikukula kwambiri mu zaka 20 zapitazi, kuchititsa kuti kufufuza njira yatsopano yokhudzana ndi nyengo imeneyi. Zosatheka kuti kufufuza kumeneku kudziwe ngati kutentha kwa dziko kukuchititsa zovuta monga madzi, mvula, kapena moto, koma zimathandiza kuchitira mbali imodzi pa zovuta zomwe zikuchitika. Zikuwoneka kuti kutentha kwa dziko kukuchititsa kuti zovuta monga moto wambiri, mvula zolemera, ndi zinyalala zikhale zambiri komanso zolimba. Poyerekeza ndi zaka za 1970 ndi 1980, nthawi ya moto ku US ikuchuluka mwezi iwiri.

Wolemba: Eric Roston, Brian K. Sullivan

Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri akusunga umboni woti kutentha kwa dziko kwochokera ku kutulutsa gasi la greenhouse kumachititsa kuti mitundu ina ya nyengo yamphamvu ikhale yachiwawa kapena yotsutsana kwambiri. Kukhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pa kusintha kwa m’nyengo ndi chiganizo cha nyengo pa nthawi ndi malo enaikonda ntchito zazikulu. Koma sayansi yomwe imalola akafufuza kuchita izi ikukula mu zaka 20 zapitazi kuti nyengo yamphamvu monga magetsi, nyengo, mvula zambiri, njala, ndi moto wa m’mapiri amakhala akugwirizana ndi kutentha kwa dziko.

Sitima yaying’ono kuyenda kudzera pa gawo lomwe likukumana ndi mvula yochepa wa Amazon ku Manaus, Brazil. Fotokozedwa: Bruno Zanardo/Getty Images

1. Akafufuza amakondwerera bwanji kuti pali kulumikizana?

Akafufuza amayamba ndi kufotokozera nyengo ngati yamphamvu ndi kutenga mu mlingo wa kusanthula zinthu monga mwachionekere m’tsogolo mwa nyengo yomweyo pansi pa nthawi yayitali. Nyengo imatha kukhala yosiyanasiyana, choncho chifukwa cha nyengo yamphamvu sikutanthauza kuti chitukuko cha gasi la greenhouse cha anthu chili ndi mbali. Kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kumayezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayankho a kompyuta kuti apange mapulani awiri a dziko. Chinthu choyamba, dziko lopanidwa, chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mlingo wosungika wa kaboni ku nthawi yoposa kutulutsa mafutawa. Mu dziko lina, zinthu zowonadi zimalowa. Kenako akafufuza amalimbikitsa nyengo mu njira ziwiri izi. Njirayi sikuwonetsa ngati kutentha kwa dziko kwa nthawi ya nyengo—koma kungatithandize kuti ikhale yopambana, yowawa kapena zonse ziwiri. Chifukwa cha izi, 71% ya nyengo yamphamvu kapena miyendo yomwe yapezeka mu kafukufuku kuyambira 2011, malinga ndi tsikulo mpaka mwezi wa Ogasiti 2022, ya onetsetsedwe ndi CarbonBrief.org, bungwe la ku UK lomwe limateteza zochitika mu sayansi ya nyengo.

2. Ndi nyengo iti yomwe imakhazikika kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa m’nyengo?

Magetsi a m’dziko ali ndi kulumikizana kwakanthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa gasi la kaboni. Magetsi, kuphatikiza ndi kuuma ndi mphepo, amayambitsa moto wosakhazikika, chifukwa chake akatswiri ali ndi chikhulupiriro chowonjezereka kuti kusintha kwa m’nyengo kumachititsa kuti moto wosakhazikika ku Western US, Australia ndi malo ena ukhale wopweteka kwambiri. (Nthawi ya moto ku US ikuyenda miyezi iwiri yowonjezera kuposa momwe zinakhalira mu zaka za 1970 ndi 1980.) Kutentha kwa dziko kumachititsa kuti ma cyclones a mu nyengo, omwe amatchedwa nyenje kapena ma typhoon, akhale owawa, koma osakhala ambiri. Moyo wokoma ndi mpweya wopukutira—zotsatira za kutentha kwa dziko—zimapatsa mafuta owonjezereka ku ma cyclones a mu nyengo ndi nyengo zina.

3. Zochitika za nyengo za posachedwapa zakhala ndi kulumikizana ndi kutulutsa gasi?

Akafufuza mu mwezi wa Meyi adafika pachidziwitso kuti mu chaka chatha, kusintha kwa m’nyengo kokhachokha kwa anthu kwachititsa kuti dziko likhale ndi masiku 26 a kutentha kwambiri, mwachikhalidwe, padziko lonse. Moto wosakhazikika ku Canada ya kumpoto mu pakati pa 2023, womwe wakhazikitsa momwe mphepo ikhale yovuta m’kumidzi ndi ku US, unatsimikiziridwa kuti uli 50% wowawa kwambiri ndipo 7 nthawi zoyenera kuoneka chifukwa cha zotsatira izi. Mvula mu South Africa mu mwezi wa Epulo 2022, yomwe idapha anthu pafupifupi 460, idapezedwa kuti ili kawiri kuoneka. Ndipo mvula ku Libya mu mwezi wa Seputembara 2023, yomwe idapha anthu opitilira 11,000, idapezedwa kuti ili 50 nthawi zoyenera kuoneka komanso 50% yowawa chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko.

4. Kutentha kwa dziko kumatanthauza kuti nyengo ikhala yachiwawa?

Sitingati. Kusintha kwa m’nyengo kwachititsa kuti chilimwe chikhale chaching’ono komanso kuuma ndi nthawi za kutentha kwa nyengo kukhale zochepa. Koma pamene maphiko a dziko akuyenda mwachangu kuposa dziko lonse, kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa equator ndi kutentha kwa North Pole kuli kochepa, ndipo izi zingapangitse zotsatira zopangidwa. Kutentha kwakukulu komwe kwachititsa kuwononga magetsi a Texas mu mwezi wa Februware 2021, mwachitsanzo, kunachitika chifukwa cha polar vortex—mphepo yomwe nthawi zambiri imasunga kutentha m’madera a Arctic—ikukhazikitsidwa ndi kutulutsa mphepo yotentha kwambiri ku US.

5. Zinthu zili bwanji?

Kuyambira pakati pa nthawi ya 19, dziko likukhala kutentha kupitilira 1.1 digiri Celsius, malinga ndi gwero lachidziwitso, United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Pakati pa njira ya tsopano, kutentha kumatenga 1.5 digiri—malinga ndi malingaliro a akatswiri a m’nyengo—kuchitika pa nthawi ya 2030. Kuchokera apa, kuwonongeka kwa nyengo yamphamvu kuyembekezeka kuchuluka kwambiri, kuwonjezeka kawiri ngati kutentha kwa dziko kuli 2 digiri komanso kuchulukira 4 nthawi ngati 3 digiri, malinga ndi IPCC.

6. Zotsatira ndi ziti?

Kuphatikiza pa kusintha momwe anthu amakhala, kutentha kwa dziko kumakhudza malipiro ambiri, chifukwa ziwalo zambiri za chuma cha padziko lonse monga ulimi, kuyenda ndi inshuwaransi zimakhala ndi ngozi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi nyengo. Zikukumbukiridwa kuti kusintha kwa m’nyengo kumachita $8 biliyoni mwa $63 biliyoni mu zovuta kuchokera ku Hurricane Sandy ku US mu 2012 ndi $4 biliyoni mwa $10 biliyoni mu zovuta ku Japan kuchokera ku Typhoon Hagibis mu 2019.

© 2024 Bloomberg L.P.

Translated from English into Chewa

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