Africa faces a pivotal moment as its youthful population grows amidst limited opportunities. The Nigerian “Japa” phenomenon highlights the migration of skilled professionals seeking better livelihoods abroad, straining local economies. With millions entering the workforce annually and few jobs available, governments must act decisively. Investing in job creation, education, and value-added industries while curbing corruption is essential. Harnessing Africa’s youthful potential could transform challenges into opportunities for sustainable growth.
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By Ciku Kimeria
To understand the population pressures on African nations, the Nigerian trend known as Japa offers some insight. The Yoruba slang term meaning “to flee” describes the exodus of highly educated professionals migrating to the West.
While much of the world grapples with an aging population, the looming demographic challenge for Africa lies in the multitude of young people who lack viable livelihoods, and the drain on economies that their departure creates.
By 2050, one in four people on the planet will be African. While fertility rates across the continent are declining, they are not falling as dramatically as those in regions like East Asia, where some governments describe their low birth rate as a “national emergency.” Each year, 10 million to 12 million young Africans enter the workforce, but only about three million formal jobs are available.
The United Nations projects that half of the increase in global population by 2050 will be concentrated in just eight countries, five of which are in Africa: Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Adding to that challenge, Nigeria has one of the world’s youngest populations: about 70% are under 30, and 42% are under the age of 15.
The challenge here for governments and communities is how to harness this wave of youthful talent — with all their innovation, resilience and determination — rather than lose them to developed economies. The Nigerian Afrobeats song Canada describes the tension. Performed by Magnito and featuring Olamide and Wizzy Flon, the lyrics say: “You and I know that since the time they tried to colonize Africa, we never benefited from any of these countries. You and I know that the only country that is benefiting Nigerian youth is Canada.”
In 2022, Nigeria was Canada’s fourth top immigration source country with more than 120,000 settling in the North American nation, which is struggling with an aging population and a shrinking labor force. Those who leave continue to feel strong ties to home, with remittances from Africans abroad standing at $100 billion in 2022, double 2012 figures.
I cannot fault anyone who chooses to seek better opportunities abroad. People naturally gravitate toward places where systems function reliably. Even if taxes are higher, they know they will gain access to quality, affordable healthcare, education, and retirement benefits.
Japa is a problem for governments across the continent. There are, for example, more Ghanaian nurses working in the UK than in Ghana. Since 2017, approximately 75,000 nurses have left Nigeria, and the World Health Organization projects that by 2030, sub-Saharan Africa could face a shortage of 5.3 million healthcare workers. Additionally, many engineers, particularly those aged 45 to 60, are leaving. This exodus comes at a critical time: These graduates come from economies that demand robust infrastructure and urban development that would benefit from local expertise. The trend is unsustainable, and risks repeating a similar drain of skilled workers from Asia.
For the majority of Africa’s urban populations, the real battle is economic. Many are just one unexpected event away from losing the hard-won gains made in the last two generations. Governments have much more to do to create an environment that encourages people to stay. The Gen Z protests that gripped Kenya earlier this year reveal a deep-seated frustration that has been simmering among the nation’s youth for some time. President William Ruto’s administration, which passed austerity measures associated with an International Monetary Fund bailout onto citizens, must adopt a new strategy that addresses demonstrators’ concerns about a lack of jobs, rising taxes and soaring prices. Eliminating corruption is essential.
I live on a young continent. I just turned 40, a milestone that when measured against the demographics of Kenya — my country, where the average age is just under 20 — feels ancient. My paternal grandmother, who bore nine children, would be astonished to learn that in urban Nairobi having two children has become the norm. The birth rate here has declined to 3.3 per woman in 2022 from 7.6 in 1960. She might wonder how those earning significantly more than she ever did feel unable to afford larger families.
For her, raising multiple children was not just a choice: It provided a beacon of hope for a better future. My grandmother lived to 104, and was the last of her generation to grow up before colonial powers arrived in Kenya. She endured the fallout from two world wars, witnessed the nation’s struggle for independence, and ultimately lived and died in a free country.
Times are changing, and as more Kenyans join the middle class, concerns about the quality of life they can provide for their family weighs heavily. While those in the West worry about the cost of childcare, my peers are preoccupied with ensuring access to quality education, healthcare, and opportunities for their children to thrive in an increasingly globalized world. Many in their mid-20s to 30s are only the second generation with real access to family planning.
Chika Oduah, a Nigerian-American journalist and founder of ourdiasporastories, notes the continent is experiencing a new wave of migration — not out of desperation, but out of frustration. Her father’s generation went to the US in the late 1970s to escape a military dictatorship, a very different motivation to the economic opportunities people are chasing now. “Migration is a continuum,” she notes. “Would someone like my father have the same experiences, the same concerns, that someone who just left Africa five years ago to the West have?”
The combination of population pressures and poor employment prospects also contribute to the plight of tens of thousands of migrants who risk their lives each year on the perilous Mediterranean and Atlantic routes. According to minutes from the Economic Community of West African States parliament meeting in July, the number of migrants who either died or went missing during these ocean crossings increased by 44% last year compared to 2022.
“Our population is increasing, but as a continent we are still trying to figure out what to do with all these young people,” Taa Wongbe, a Liberian politician and member of the ECOWAS parliament says. “Every year we have tens of thousands of people get on boats just to leave their countries and move to another.”
There are ways to stem the flow. African governments must expedite the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area that has the potential to inject an additional $450 billion to the region’s economy by 2035, and generate better job opportunities. The continent also needs to move from being an exporter of raw materials to processing. Countries like Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, which together produce 60% of the world’s cocoa, currently receive only 6% of the export revenues from the $138 billion industry.
Transitions in society are often messy, chaotic, and risky, yet one cannot fault a generation that feels abandoned by their governments.
The private sector can thrive with appropriate incentives. Innovation relies on tapping the continent’s vast reservoir of youthful talent while encouraging skilled workers who have gained experience abroad to return home. If African governments remain indifferent, they will miss out on invaluable progress.
As I look at my 4-year-old daughter, I hope for a world of global opportunities, but one where she only has to leave her country (and continent) out of choice, not necessity. As a Sudanese proverb goes, “We wish two things for our children: The first is roots; the second is wings.”
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